The base blockchain network, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, responsible for the main consensus and security.
Layer 1 refers to the base blockchain network responsible for core functions like consensus, security, and transaction processing. Examples include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche, and BNB Chain.
Layer 1s form the foundational infrastructure upon which all decentralized applications and Layer 2 solutions are built.
What Layer 1 Blockchains Do
Validate transactions
Execute smart contracts (for smart-contract-enabled L1s)
Maintain decentralized consensus
Secure the network against attacks
Manage native tokens (BTC, ETH, SOL, etc.)
Layer 1s differ in design, scalability, speed, and decentralization.
Characteristics of Layer 1s
Native blockchain architecture
On-chain settlement
Independent consensus mechanisms
Native tokenomics
High degree of decentralization (varies by network)
Limitations of Layer 1s
Congestion during peak activity
Higher gas fees on busy networks
Scalability challenges
Difficulty upgrading legacy architecture
These limitations inspired the rise of Layer 2 scaling solutions.
Summary
Layer 1 is the core blockchain layer that handles security, consensus, and transaction settlement. It serves as the foundation for all higher-level blockchain infrastructure.
